Tuesday, February 12, 2019

pregnance sign

Image result for pregnant







Early symptoms of pregnancy begin in the first few weeks after conception. Pregnancy symptoms can also vary in their intensity, frequency and duration. The following early signs and symptoms of pregnancy checklist are only a guideline. Many early pregnancy symptoms can appear similar to routine pre-menstrual discomforts. First-symptoms-pregnancy-infographic

Tender, swollen breasts Your breasts may provide one of the first symptoms of pregnancy. As early as two weeks after conception, hormonal changes may make your breasts tender, tingly or sore. Or your breasts may feel fuller and heavier. 

 Fatigue Fatigue and tiredness also ranks high among early symptoms of pregnancy. During early pregnancy, levels of the hormone progesterone soar. In high enough doses, progesterone can put you to sleep. At the same time, lower blood sugar levels, lower blood pressure and increased blood production may team up to sap your energy during your pregnancy.

 Slight bleeding or cramping Sometimes a small amount of spotting or vaginal bleeding is one of the first symptoms of pregnancy. Known as implantation bleeding, it happens when the fertilised egg attaches to the lining of the uterus - about 10 to 14 days after fertilisation. This type of bleeding is usually a bit earlier, spottier and lighter in colour than a normal period and doesn't last as long. Some women also experience abdominal cramping early in pregnancy. These cramps are similar to menstrual cramps.

 Nausea with or without vomiting Morning sickness, which can strike at any time of the day or night, is one of the classic symptoms of pregnancy. For some women, the queasiness begins as early as two weeks after conception. Nausea seems to stem at least in part from rapidly rising levels of estrogen, which causes the stomach to empty more slowly. Pregnant women also have a heightened sense of smell, so various odors - such as foods cooking, perfume or cigarette smoke - may cause waves of nausea in early pregnancy. There are some hints and tips to help combat the effects of morning sickness. Signs of pregnancy.

  Food aversions or cravings When you're pregnant, you might find yourself turning up your nose at certain foods, such as coffee or fried foods. Food cravings are common too. Like most other symptoms of pregnancy, these food preferences can be chalked up to hormonal changes - especially in the first trimester, when hormonal changes are the most dramatic.  What to eat in your first trimester, according to a nutritionist Headaches Early in pregnancy, increased blood circulation caused by hormonal changes may trigger frequent, mild headaches. Constipation Constipation is another common early symptom of pregnancy. An increase in progesterone causes food to pass more slowly through the intestines, which can lead to constipation. Mood swings The flood of hormones in your body in early pregnancy can make you unusually emotional and weepy. Mood swings also are common, especially in the first trimester.

Faintness and dizziness As your blood vessels dilate and your blood pressure drops, you may feel lightheaded or dizzy. Early in pregnancy, faintness also may be triggered by low blood sugar. RELATED: How to track your cycle Early pregnancy symptoms.  basal body temperature Your basal body temperature is your oral temperature when you first wake up in the morning. This temperature increases slightly soon after ovulation and remains at that level until your next period. If you've been charting your basal body temperature to determine when you ovulate, its continued elevation for more than two weeks may mean that you're pregnant.

  Missed Period Perhaps the most obvious early symptom of pregnancy is when you've missed your period. This possible sign of pregnancy is often what causes women to search for more details about the other pregnancy symptoms. Some women might only experience a much lighter period compared to their usual. You might not experience any of the pregnancy signs listed below until around the time you notice you've missed your monthly cycle. Just "Feeling" Pregnant This early pregnancy symptom may be the reason why you are checking this list right now. Many women believe they have an intuition about pregnancy signs. Their intuition is often proven correct. Maybe you just feel different; tired, moody, queasy, lightheaded. You may also have heartburn, constipation, or find yourself making more frequent trips to the toilet. Perhaps you feel a dull ache or stiffness in your lower back, you have sore breasts or they seem overly sensitive, or you are simply not feeling like your usual self. Early pregnancy test.

How can you really tell if you are pregnant? Unfortunately, these symptoms aren't unique to pregnancy. Some can indicate that you're getting sick or that your period is about to start. Likewise, you can be pregnant without experiencing any of these symptoms. Still, if you miss a period or notice any of the tip-offs on this list, you might want to take a home pregnancy test - especially if you're not keeping track of your menstrual cycle or if it varies widely from one month to the next. If your home pregnancy test is positive, make an appointment with your health care provider. The sooner your pregnancy is confirmed, the sooner you can begin prenatal care. If you are worried about possible early symptoms of pregnancy, you can put your mind at ease with a pregnancy test. More than just a pregnancy symptom, this is scientific proof positive of whether you are expecting a baby or not. Pregnancy tests work best if you wait to take them until at least a day or two after you miss your period. Even if the pregnancy test result is negative you should try it again a few days later to be sure.

Abolition of the Slave Trade

A strong movement emerged in 18th-century Britain to put an end to the buying and selling of human beings. This campaign to abolish the slave trade developed alongside international events such as the French Revolution, as well as retaliation by Glossary - opens new windowmaroon communities, sporadic unrest, and individual acts of resistance from enslaved people in the British colonies. 

 The campaigners faced a long and difficult struggle. These early activists included men such as Thomas Clarkson and George Fox, who argued that the only way to end the suffering of enslaved Africans was to make the slave trade illegal by banning British ships from taking part in the trade. Those involved came together in 1787 to form the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade. Cameo of Woman kneeling 'Am I not a Woman and a Sister' - opens new window Document | Transcript 'Am I not a Woman and a Sister?' back to top 

White Women Abolitionists Recent studies show that, in addition to the more well-known abolitionists Mary Birkett, Hannah More and Mary Wollstonecraft, a considerable body of working and middle-class women in Britain were involved in the campaign from the very early stages. These White women spoke out against the slave trade, boycotted slave-grown produce and wrote anti-slave trade verses to raise awareness of the violation of family life under slavery. The strength of their support for the campaign can also be gauged through their subscriptions to the Abolition Society; as the historian Clare Midgley reveals, 10% of the 1787-8 subscribers were women. Josiah Wedgwood, the famous potter and abolitionist, produced a ceramic cameo of a kneeling male slave in chains with the slogan 'Am I not a Man and a Brother?'. Later, women campaigners secured production of a similar ceramic brooch, with the caption 'Am I not a Woman and a Sister?'. back to top 

African Abolitionists A number of Africans were also involved in the abolition movement and worked alongside British abolitionists to bring an end to the commercial trafficking of humans. Ignatius Sancho came to England in 1731, at the age of two. As a freed man and well-known shopkeeper, Sancho became the first African prose writer to have his work published in England. On the issue of the greed underpinning the slave trade, he wrote that he 'loved England for its freedom and for the many blessings he enjoyed', but 'the grand object of English navigators, indeed of all Christian navigators is money - money - money…' Extracts from Equiano's autobiography - opens new window 'O, ye nominal Christians! Might not an African ask you, learned you this from your God?' Document | Transcript Glossary - opens new windowOlaudah Equiano, later to be known as Gustavus Vassa, also had direct experience of enslavement. He had been kidnapped in what is now Nigeria at the age of 11, sold to a Virginia planter, then bought by a British naval officer, Captain Pascal, and later sold on to a Quaker merchant. After eventually buying his freedom, he settled in Britain where he wrote and published his autobiography. 

Equiano travelled extensively around Britain giving public talks about his experiences as a young boy kidnapped in Africa, his life as a slave, and the evils of the slave trade. back to top A third African who publicly demanded the abolition of the slave trade, as well as the emancipation of slaves, was Ottabah Cugoano. Born in the country we now know as Ghana, he too had been kidnapped and enslaved. Cugoano came to England from Grenada around 1752 and was set free. In Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil and Wicked Traffic of the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species, published in 1787, he declared that enslaved people had both the moral right and the moral duty to resist their masters. back to top Political Strategy Under the auspices of the Abolition Society, campaigners set out to inform the British public about the barbarity of the trade in human cargo and its connection with sugar production. The abolitionist Thomas Clarkson embarked on gathering evidence to support these claims. His investigations took him to slaving ports such as Liverpool and Bristol. When he boarded the slave ship Fly, he recorded that 'The sight of the rooms below and of the gratings above filled me both with melancholy and horror. I found soon afterwards a fire of indignation kindling within me…' To ensure that the lawmakers gained a strong and lasting impression of what he had experienced, Clarkson produced exact drawings and dimensions of the ship Brookes, prepared by Captain Parrey of the Royal Navy. The drawings showed men, women and children crammed together in chains below deck. Another assiduous campaigner was Granville Sharp. On learning about the murders on the slave ship Zong in 1781, Olaudah Equiano alerted Sharp, who began a campaign against Captain Luke Collingwood. Faced with a large number of deaths due to overcrowding, Collingwood had ordered that all sick Africans be thrown overboard. The aim was to protect himself and the ship's owners - for if sick slaves died a natural death, the owners of the ship received no compensation. If, however, to safeguard the safety of the ship, those deemed chattels were thrown overboard while still alive, the insurers would pay out. back to top Although there was, in fact, no threat to the crew's safety, over the next few days up to 133 enslaved men and women were thrown overboard alive. The outrage over the case of the Zong contributed to a process of re-examining the slave trade, and Clarkson believed that by revealing his own findings he could persuade Parliament to pass the necessary legislation to end the trade. Public meetings were held to enlist support, and local communities were encouraged to petition Parliament to demand change. Clarkson also told the public about the human cost to British families, given the heavy loss of British sailors on slaving voyages. These losses, he argued, were clearly not in the national interest. John Newton, a former slave trader, lent his experience to the movement and later wrote the famous hymn 'Amazing Grace'. Thomas Clarkson Tours the Slave Ports around Britain - opens new window Thomas Clarkson Tours the Slave Ports around Britain Document | Transcript back to top Abolition of the 











Slave Trade Act, 1807 Despite opposition from a variety of people with vested interests, the abolitionists and their supporters persisted. In 1806, Lord Grenville made a passionate speech arguing that the trade was 'contrary to the principles of justice, humanity and sound policy'. When the bill to abolish the slave trade was finally voted upon, there was a majority of 41 votes to 20 in the Lords and a majority of 114 to 15 in the Commons. On 25 March 1807, the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act entered the statute books. Nevertheless, although the Act made it illegal to engage in the slave trade throughout the British colonies, trafficking between the Caribbean islands continued, regardless, until 1811.

stages (phases) of industrial revolution

Over the course of history, mankind has perfected its industry by not only relying on technical evolution but also by reinventing it as new resources have created new technical means. Therefore, industry has benefited from qualitative advancements which have sometimes been so ingrained in a certain time period and have had such an overwhelming impact that we have dubbed them “revolutions”. Sentryo would like to give you a quick look back in time at these first three industrial revolutions to define the contours of a fourth revolution which is taking shape right before our very eyes.
 The first industrial revolution – 1765

 Following a slow period of proto-industrialization, this first revolution spans from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century. It witnessed the emergence of mechanization, a process that replaced agriculture with industry as the foundations of the economic structure of society. Mass extraction of coal along with the invention of the steam engine created a new type of energy that thrusted forward all processes thanks to the development of railroads and the acceleration of economic, human and material exchanges. Other major inventions such as forging and new know-how in metal shaping gradually drew up the blueprints for the first factories and cities as we know them today.
 The second industrial revolution – 1870

 Nearly a century later at the end of the 19th century, new technological advancements initiated the emergence of a new source of energy: electricity, gas and oil. As a result, the development of the combustion engine set out to use these new resources to their full potential. Furthermore, the steel industry began to develop and grow alongside the exponential demands for steel. Chemical synthesis also developed to bring us synthetic fabric, dyes and fertilizer. Methods of communication were also revolutionized with the invention of the telegraph and the telephone and so were transportation methods with the emergence of the automobile and the plane at the beginning of the 20th century. All these inventions were made possible by centralizing research and capital structured around an economic and industrial model based on new “large factories” and the organizational models of production as envisioned by Taylor and Ford.
 The third industrial revolution – 1969

 Nearly a century later, in the second half of the 20th century, a third industrial revolution appeared with the emergence of a new type of energy whose potential surpassed its predecessors: nuclear energy. This revolution witnessed the rise of electronics—with the transistor and microprocessor—but also the rise of telecommunications and computers. This new technology led to the production of miniaturized material which would open doors, most notably to space research and biotechnology. For industry, this revolution gave rise to the era of high-level automation in production thanks to two major inventions: automatons—programmable logic controllers (PLCs)—and robots. The first industrial revolution used water and steam to mechanize production, the second used electric energy to create mass production and the third used electronics and information technology to automate production. Today a fourth industrial revolution is underway which builds upon the third revolution and the digital revolution that has been taking place since the middle of the last century. This fourth revolution with exponential expansion is characterized by merging technology that blurs the lines between the physical, digital and biological spheres to completely uproot industries all over the world. The extent and depth of these changes are a sign of transformations to entire production, management and governance systems.

How To Find Out If A Girl Is A Virgin Or Not

#1. She doesn’t flirt at all. So the belief here is that when women flirt with the opposite sex it’s because they want to get it on at the dance floor, coffee shop, work, you name it. She doesn't flirt at all.

  #2. Experienced women have a penetrating stare. It is reasoned that women with a sexual history can match a man’s stare. Experienced women have a penetrating stare.

 #3. She walks differently. According to this prehistoric belief, a woman’s vaginal opening increases after sex, making her walk a little broader. She walks differently.

 #4. Women with a sexual past are more brazen. Inexplicably sex made them more mischievous and willing to try new things. Women with a sexual past are more brazen.

 #5. They are more confident with what they want. Cavemen believe a woman who has had sex magically developed a high self-esteem. They are more confident with what they want.

 #6. Experienced women act like saints around sex. The misogynist idea is that they are gauging their environment. If they feel you won’t judge them for their past then they will divulge, otherwise they will avert their eyes and avoid discussing the topic. Experienced women act like saints around sex. 

#7. Women who have had sex understand body language. After having sex they have a magically placed chip that allows them to break down and understand a man’s signal that he wants to hook up. Women who have had sex understand body language.

 #8. They are always ready for what’s ahead. That means she carries an abundance of condoms with her at all times. They are always ready for what's ahead. #9. She knows exactly what makes a man orgasm. Yep, women who have had sex become expert lovers from day one. She knows exactly what makes a man orgasm.

 #10. They have a foggy memory. That means she will sleep with you one day and forget you the next, particularly if she is on to her next conquest. Because made her the female Don Juan. They have a foggy memory.

 #11. If she is beautiful she cannot possibly be a virgin. The less attractive women remain virgins milking the cows and making cheese to sell at the market to feed her nine siblings. If she is beautiful she cannot possibly be a virgin.

 #12. She is not religious. While the sexed up vixen is literally having sex with every man she comes across, the virgins are going to church and performing miracles on the sick. She is not religious.

 #13. Virgins don’t wear make-up or barely any. While women who have had sex have a weekly budget of $100 to re-stock on lipstick, fake lashes, mascara, foundation, blush, etc. Because makeup and sex go hand in hand. Virgins don't wear make-up or barely any. #14. Contraceptives. Forget any medical issues that are eased by taking contraceptives, if a woman is taking the pill she is doing the deed. Contraceptives.

 #15. Her skin colour and tone is a giveaway. If your friend has smooth, soft skin than she’s a virgin. If she has acne and dull skin, she’s certainly no virgin. Her skin colour and tone is a giveaway.

 #16. Her upbringing and social standing. No woman who comes from an upstanding and moral family would ever be having sex without the sanctity of marriage. Her upbringing and social standing.

 #17. How does she respond when you ask if she a virgin? Because in 2017 it is totally normal and acceptable to ask a woman if she is a virgin. Just don’t be surprised if a hot drink, cold drink, a plate, or just anything she is holding when you ask is thrown at you. How does she respond when you ask if she a virgin?

 #18. She finds the topic of sex fascinating. Virgins are never interested in sex because they have never done it before. Once the deed is done, there is no other topic in this world worth discussing but sex. She finds the topic of sex fascinating.

 #19. How does she behave around men? Once a woman has had sex she has lost some of moral standing in the community so she must settle down quickly, therefore, she is on the hunt for a husband. How does she behave around men?

 #20. How she kisses is a giveaway. If she is a good kisser than she must have been around because kissing leads to sex. How she kisses is a giveaway.

 #21. How she dresses should not come as a surprise. Revealing tops, short skirts, and tight jeans are the uniform for the non-virgins while the virgins wear long gowns, long-sleeved tops, and lace veils. How she dresses should not come as a surprise.

 #22. How does she behave in an intimate setting? The virgin is going to be timid and even scared at the idea of being intimate with a man. While the experienced woman will get naked and be a pro about it. How does she behave in an intimate setting?

 #23. A virgin won’t know how to act when she sees a man naked. While the non-virgin won’t be surprised by what she sees. A virgin won't know how to act when she sees a man naked.

 #24. If unsure you can always check a woman’s hymen. Just make sure you have a good lawyer who will represent you for sexual assault

Sexual Relationship between Teachers and students: The cause and the way forward

“All professionals can boast but the teacher taught them all”. That’s a beautiful quote and how true it is. No matter the your profession, you got there with the help of a teacher. However, the rate at which teachers, especially their male counterparts have illicit affairs with their students is unbecoming of the teaching profession. Am a student teacher who will soon become a professional teacher. Nevertheless, I have had some years experience in the teaching field to know how students look up to their teachers.
They try to copy your lifestyle ; the way you walk, talk, write and certain habits whether good or bad. A JHS headmaster was in the news recently for having an affair with his now SHS student. Three SHS teachers have had their appointment terminated by Ghana Education Service for same offense. In as much as I am ashamed by their actions and condemn any affair whatsoever between students and teachers, we have to also look at where this began. The cause The teachers in our basic schools and the secondary schools went to the tertiary to receive their training. It was common to see lecturers engaging in illicit affair with students. Some lecturers deliberately fail students knowing very well that such students will come to them and they use that opportunity to demand sex from you for better grades. The problem here is that, there are no mechanisms in place to check these activities of lecturers and so victims are not able to talk about it to anyone. Students, however, see these going on without anything being done about it so consider it normal. They also practice same when they get posted to their various schools to teach. I will limit myself to Colleges of Education in Ghana.
This institution is one of the most poorly supervised but the authorities in this country know very well it’s in the hands of students in this institution that we entrust our younger ones. It is therefore no wonder that teachers at the basic level especially keep having illicit affairs with these minors and at worse impregnate them. Most tutors in the colleges are a law unto themselves. They have the capacity to fail or pass you. And because of that, there is always the issue of conflict of interest, bias in the awarding of marks, etc. They are trainers of professional teachers and must act in a professional manner for the student teacher to emulate. They, however, betray their position of trust. Every year, some innocent girls’ future is destroyed as a result of the unprofessionalism of some teachers. Most parents whose wards fall victim do not report such teachers and if they do, the case is lost in between and such teachers go scot free. Sometimes the only punishment they get is transfer to another school where they only get to continue their immoral behavior. The way forward All hope is not lost though. There is more that can be done to curb this issue. It is high time stringent measures are put in place to check the various Colleges of Education. A platform should also be created for students to report lecturers whose habit it is to ask them for sex in exchange for good grades and such lecturers dealt with accordingly. Most times students fail to report them for fear of intimidation. The College authorities must do well to allay such fear of reporting teachers who cross the line professionalism. Laws on sexual harassment in the education setting should prohibit all sexual relationships between teachers and students in the same educational institution. An educator must be dismissed if he or she is found guilty of…having a sexual relationship with a learner of the school where he or she is employed. The dismissal should be mandatory whether or not there was consent. Such zero-tolerance policies are consistent with many laws that criminalize adults’ sexual relationships with minors generally. Because sexual harassment in the educational setting affects victims who often are minors and perpetrators are in a position of particular authority and trust, consensual sexual relationships should not be protected. This highlights the fact that legislative language addressing harassment in the workplace, where consensual relationships are protected, cannot simply be transposed into the educational setting. There is consensus that zero-tolerance for sexual relationships between students and teachers is a best practice for sexual harassment law and policies in educational settings. Education International, an organization of teachers unions from around the world, has encouraged its affiliates “to condemn such breaches of ethical standards clearly and publicly,” noting that zero-tolerance of these relationships is the only workable policy solution.

  The importance of trust in the teacher-student relationship I will end by saying that as teachers we are in a position of trust; parents entrust the education of their wards to us knowing fully well how we can guide them to be responsible citizens in the future. We should therefore, never compromise on our duty and destroy the future of our young ones. It is only then that when you hear that “All professions can boast but the teacher taught them all”, you can sit back and feel proud of yourself.

The Importance Of Divorce

I’m sure this isn’t an article you’d expect to be seeing. I mean, hell, as a child of divorce it’s not something I’d expect to see either - but bear with me.
 Divorce sucks. There are no winners, only losers. A family is broken. Emotions are spent. Someone’s left, and everything’s changing. At first. Ads by Kiosked Eventually things start to fix. You find that just because one thing ended, doesn’t mean the world did. Your emotions come back, and even though that person may not have, you find that you still have a family. And even though that process is important, it’s not the importance of divorce. 
 The importance of divorce is this: no matter how hard it is, no matter how shaken up you may be, never lose sight of love. It may hurt; correction, it will hurt. But that’s what counts. When something hurts, it means one of two things: 1. Something cut. It burned, whether that means physically or mentally depends on the situation, and 2. You will become a better person in the end. As a certain pop singer may say: “What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger.” Just because the person you thought was “the one” didn’t, doesn’t mean there aren’t people out there who love you. Your children do, your parents do, your siblings do, your friends, your relatives - people love you, and that’s not the kind of love you can take for granted. 
That’s not the kind of love you can throw around at will. That’s the kind of love you need to respect, you need to earn, and you need to build on. Divorce sucks, I know, but so many beautiful things can come out of it, and you are never bound to it. Divorce does not define who you are. It does not label you as unworthy or unloved. It does not keep you locked away, nor does it debilitate you in any way. It’s important to always remember your worth, to never lose sight of your dreams, or of yourself and to always, ALWAYS, stay true to who you are and to those who stuck around you. Because sure, you eventually may start dating again, and maybe you even find “the one” for real - but remember, they held you at your worst, don’t throw them out at your best. So remember this: we may not always know who we are, or what we are doing, but as long as we do not let our mistakes and our failures define who we are, we will never have any limits.

Essential Benefits Of Your Period for female

1. Your menstruation can warn you about your future diseases Women are very observant when it comes to their body. The menstrual blood’s color, length and odor can offer hints of your medical condition. Some women experience having heavy menstrual flow or having no period at all for a long time which indicates that there is something wrong with your body, helping you be aware of such changes. Your cycle stops when you have a heart disease, diabetes or other reproductive health related problems. You’re lucky, being a woman helps you become more conscious of your health. your period can make you beautiful

 2. Your period can make you beautiful Don’t forget to say thank you to your hormones. During your first day, your estrogen level is very low. Most girls who bleed on the first day of their period tend to be depressed, sad and emotional. However, after a few days, the estrogen level is high, releasing endorphins that can make you feel alert, happy and in the mood. You feel active that you can almost do anything. The rise of your body’s estrogen level makes you feel more attractive and feminine because it suppresses your stress hormones since your estrogen influences how your brain controls emotions. Your face will surely glow and your skin will look soft and smooth. Expect your pimples to be gone. period sex

 3. Your period helps you enjoy a different level of sexual experience While some men avoid having sex while their partners are on their period, there are still guys out there who are very much interested to try and do it just like any other regular days. Actually, according to doctors, sex while on period is medically okay. When a woman is menstruating, her libido is much more enhanced. Getting your period helps you achieve orgasms too because while menstruating, your genital area is tender and sensitive. Your period naturally cleanses you

 4. Your period naturally cleanses you Healthy detox and cleansing drinks are becoming popular these days. Lucky for you, being a woman who regularly menstruates actually helps cleanse your body without taking something in. Menstruation itself is a natural cleanser. Your cycle is your body’s own way of cleansing and flushing out toxins naturally. During your period, your body discharges excess iron. Flushing out excess iron helps in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Yet taking iron supplement is still very helpful especially for women who experience dizziness while menstruating. Your period helps you live longer

 5. Your period helps you live longer Your period slows down your aging process. Whenever you are menstruating, your body discharges iron, one of the major reasons why your period makes you young and why most women have a longer lifespan than men. Based on studies by longevity experts, iron loss can help reduce the risk of stroke and heart disease. The secret to longevity is somehow related to your gender too. Getting your period is not such a bad thing after all. Some benefits might lack scientific evidence yet getting your menstruation is a natural thing in a woman’s life. Your body recognizes it as a part of its routine. Look at the bright side and love womanhood. Enjoyed reading this post? Please, leave us a comment below

Monday, February 11, 2019

1. Top Heavy Lips: Via: Source Pinit Via: Source Majority of Indian women have top heavy lips. Effective makeup tips and tricks can easily make top heavy lips appear even and beautiful. Makeup for top heavy lips is simple: Start by lining your lips from the center of your lips to the outside by following your natural lip shape. Then, apply a bright lipstick on the bottom of your lips and a slightly darker tone of the brighter lipstick on the top to create an illusion of smaller space to give a smaller lip look. You can also apply the same lip color on the upper as well as lower lips and then apply a dab of white pencil or eyeshadow to the center of the lower lip to achieve balance, evenness and fuller look. Another trick to follow to make heavy lips appear smaller is to use a lip pencil and start filling your lips just inside the natural line and then finish it off with lipstick. The simplest trick to make fuller and heavy lips appear smaller is to use a dark toned lip color as it will reduce the prominence of fuller lips [ Read: Makeup Tips For Different Face Shapes ]

 2. Bottom Heavy Lips: Image: Getty Pinit Image: Getty Bottom heavy lips are actually pretty and attractive! But some women look to hide that pout! Here’s how you can make bottom heavy lips look better: The simplest trick to even out bottom heavy lips is to use the same lip color on the upper as well as lower lips, and then apply a dab of white pencil or creamy nude matte eyeshadow only to the center of the upper lip to achieve balance, evenness and fuller look.

 3. Uneven Lips: Image: Getty Pinit Image: Getty If your upper and lower lip shape and size do not match, then you have uneven lips. Here are a few tips to manage uneven lips: People with uneven lips should use a lip pencil to outline your upper lip, making both the sides of the upper lip match up first and then follow the same for the lower lips. Then, smudge the lip liner with a very light hand to eliminate any rough and hard edges to achieve a natural finish. Be careful with this trick! The lip liner has to be drawn with a very light hand and blended well otherwise it might turn out to be unflattering.

4. Flat Lips: Image: Getty Pinit Image: Getty Flat lips have no dimension or depth and appear very flat without prominent outline. It is a best choice to use light and softer lip colors for people with flat lips as dark lip colors will make lips appear very flat and small. Flat lips can be given a good shape with this trick: Start by outlining your lips slightly outside the natural lip line of your lips. Shimmery and frosty lip formulas work well on thinner and flatter lips as it adds a fuller and plumping effect. Ombre lip effects also work well on thinner and flat lips. Start by filling the outer corners of your lips with a dark lip color and fill the center of the lips with a soft or bright lip color to create a gorgeous ombre lip effect. If you are not ready to sport ombre lips, you can apply the same lipstick color all over your lips and then add a shimmery highlighter to the center of your upper as well as bottom lips to create a plumper lip appearance.

5. Thin Lips: Image: Getty Pinit Image: Getty Thin lips require more dimension and space. And we have just the trick for you to make your lips look absolutely stunning: Start by applying lip liner slightly outside your natural lip line and then softly smudge it. Then, apply a darker lip color to the lower lip and softer lip color to your upper lip and blend everything together with a clean lip brush. [ Read: How To Cure White Spots On Lips ]

 6. Overlarge Lips: Image: Getty Pinit Image: Getty Overlarge lips have the power to dominate the whole face. So, always choose softer lip colors with a rich matte consistency to keep your lips appear soft and even. Here’s how you can draw attention away from overlarge lips: Try nude lip. It is best to do a heavy smokey eye or a highlighted cheek area for face makeup to carry away attention from the overlarge lip size. [ Read: Required Products For This DIY Tutorial ]
 7. Small Lips: Image: Getty Pinit Image: Getty Small lips look cute on some but most want to have that lovely pout. Follow these tips to make small lips look more prominent: You can apply shimmery, frosty and glossy lipstick formulas which will add fullness to the small lips. Do not apply very dark lip colors as it will make lips appear smaller. Choose brighter and softer lip colors to accentuate your lips the best way. Lip makeup definitely requires practice. Study your lips by standing in front of the mirror and try these tricks and tips. Did you find this article useful? Which lip shape do you have? Let us know in the comments section below.

List of 7 African billionaires whose net worth dropped in 2018

At the end of 2018, some billionaires’ wealth dipped. This was due to new business ventures, the state of the global economy, some embarked on massive projects and some took huge business risks. Africa's richest man,
Aliko Dangote Africa's richest man, Aliko Dangote South African billionaires, Nicky Oppenheimer and Johann Rupert are among the biggest losers of the year, dropping more than $2 billion from their wealth, according to the Bloomberg Billionaire Index. Aliko Dangote, Nigerian billionaire and Africa’s richest man dropped a little less than $2 billion of his wealth in 2018. This may be as a result of his expansive project in Lagos, the Dangote Refinery - which is expected to be Africa’s biggest refinery. ALSO READ: These are the seven richest billionaires in Africa right now Business Insider Sub-Saharan Africa looks at the finances of African billionaires and how much they have lost year-to-date.
Aliko Dangote Dangote is the biggest business brand on the African continent and indisputable Africa's pride. The owner, Nigerian-born billionaire, Aliko Dangote has interests in commodities in Nigeria and other African countries. In 2018, Dangote dropped about $2 billion from wealth yet still Africa's richest man and stand currently at $10.3 billion on the Bloomberg Billionaire Index. Nigerian billionaire Aliko Dangote Nigerian billionaire Aliko Dangote Building Africa’s biggest refinery Aliko Dangote is currently expending funds into his refinery project in Lekki, Lagos. Country: Nigeria Net worth: $10.3 billion (Bloomberg Billionaire Index) Year-to-date drop: $1.91 billion .

  Nicky Oppenheimer South African billionaire businessman and philanthropist. Nicky is currently the richest man in South Africa. He was formerly the chairman of De Beers diamond mining company and of its subsidiary, the Diamond Trading Company, and former deputy chairman of Anglo American. The diamond powerhouse believes Africa can do it all on its own without the backings of western governments.Nicky Oppenheimer, South African billionaire businessman and philanthropist. Nicky Oppenheimer, South African billionaire businessman and philanthropist. The Diamond industry De Beers is investing $94 million over four years to build a U.S. factory targeting 500,000 carats of lab-grown gems a year. The Diamond industry has also faced a lot of price slide in 2018 as millennial are attracted to man-made gem-quality diamonds to the natural gems. Chinese producers and other miners are playing in the Diamond market stepping up their output of cheaply manufactured diamonds. Country: South Africa Age: 68 Net worth: $5.98 billion Year-to-date drop: $2.12 billion .

Johann Rupert The South African-born entrepreneur is the eldest son of business tycoon Anton Rupert and his wife Huberte. He owns the Swiss-based luxury-goods company Richemont as well as of the South Africa-based company Remgro. Johann Rupert, South African-born entrepreneur and Richemont Boss. Johann Rupert, South African-born entrepreneur and Richemont Boss. Too many watches in the world Sales in the Watch industry has dropped drastically over the year. Last year, Rupert lost about €287 million ($327.25 million) due to dismal sales and profit for the 2017 financial year. He had told financial analysts that there are too many watches in the world. Country: South Africa Net worth: $5.92 billion Year-to-date drop $2.17 billion .
Natie Kirsh Nathan Kirsh is South African-born Swazi billionaire businessman. He has properties spanning Australia, Swaziland, and the UK and Swazi citizenship. Swaziland is now known as the Kingdom of eSwatini. The majority of Kirsh's fortune is derived from a 75% stake in Jetro Holdings, a New York-based company that manages two U.S. wholesale grocery businesses: Jetro Cash & Carry and Restaurant Depot, according to Bloomberg News. Natie Kirsh, South African-born Swazi billionaire businessman Natie Kirsh, South African-born Swazi billionaire businessman The US sanctions, crash in forex markets and double tariffs He dropped over $600 million wealth as a result of the crash in the forex market mid-2018 as a result of US president Donald Trump sanctions and doubled tariffs on steel and aluminium imports. Country: South Africa Net worth: $5.76 billion Year-to-date drop: $632 million .
Nassef Sawiris Nassef is the current richest person in Egypt. He owns 30% of OCI, a Geleen, Netherlands-based construction contractor, and 27% of Dubai-based Orascom Construction, an infrastructure and engineering group. His other assets include stakes in the sportswear company Adidas and LafargeHolcim, the world's biggest cement maker. Nassef Sawiris, Egyptian billionaire Nassef Sawiris, Egyptian billionaire Investing in Aston Villa He dropped over $300 million in wealth after investing in Aston Villa with his American business counterpart, Wesley Eden. The duo was reported to have a seal a joint 55% stake in Aston Villa from the Chinese co-owner Tony Xia. Country: Egypt Net worth: $6.8 billion Year-to-date drop: $383 million .
Naguib Sawiris The Egyptian billionaire businessman is the chairman of Weather Investments Company and chairman of Orascom Telecom Media and Technology Holding S.A.E. The Orascom Group was established by his father. Since manning the family business in 1979, Sawiris has contributed to the growth and diversification of the company known as Egypt’s largest and most diversified conglomerates and the country’s largest private sector employer. Naguib Sawiris, Egyptian billionaire businessman Naguib Sawiris, Egyptian billionaire businessman Divest into gold In the first quarter of 2018, his company Orascom Telecom posted a net loss of $6.77 million. I May, Sawiris told Bloomberg News that he has put half of his billion dollars into gold. Country: Egypt Net worth: $3.8 billion Year-to-date drop: $538 million .
 Issad Rebrab An Algerian billionaire businessman and owner of CEVITAL industrial group, the largest private company in the country. Issad Rebrab, Algerian billionaire businessman, CEO of the CEVITAL industrial group Issad Rebrab, Algerian billionaire businessman, CEO of the CEVITAL industrial group Investments in France and across Europe In a Reuters report in last month, Algerian company Cevital agreed to set up a plant making water treatment machines at part of an eastern France site run by carmaker PSA. The deal will see Cevital buy up parts of the site at Charleville-Mezieres freed up by PSA in order to make machines for the water treatment business. Country: Algeria Net worth: $4 billion Year-to-date drop: $310 million The Bloomberg Billionaires Index ranked the world’s 500 richest people, the biggest movers and track returns.

Which size is the average penis?

Many scientific researchers have tried to answer the question men—and women—worldwide want clear information about: What size is the average penis? We will present you with facts from all the scientific studies done on penis size so that once you have finished reading this article, you will feel content that you have the most accurate answer to the question. And perhaps you will be reassured about your own size or that of your partner's penis. Published findings are often introduced with background information on men's widespread anxieties about whether or not their penises are big enough, and if sexual partners are going to be satisfied. So what is the truth? Given the ubiquity of free, easily accessible internet pornography, and the rise in aggressive marketing by companies promising a bigger penis through the use of extenders and enlargers, it is easy to see why the truth about male genital length and girth might have become obscured. Perhaps it is no surprise, then, that researchers consistently find that men have heightened anxieties about their manhoods. Fast facts on the average penis size Here are some key points about the average penis size. More detail and supporting information is in the main article. While 85 percent of women may be satisfied with the size and proportion of their partner's penis, men are less sure of themselves. As much as 45 percent of men believe they have a small penis. Across studies, flaccid length average from 7 to 10 centimeters (2.8 to 3.9 inches). Flaccid circumference or girth average ranges from 9 to 10 centimeters (3.5 to 3.9 inches). Erect lengths average from 12 to 16 centimeters (4.7 to 6.3 inches). Erect circumference is around 12 centimeters (4.7 inches). When is penis size too small? Male urinary system The penis extends back behind the testes - measured lengths do not include this part. Perhaps the best gauge of what is considered to be a small penis is given by the threshold used by doctors for when penile augmentation may be considered. Researchers publishing in the Journal of Urology studied the penis sizes of 80 "physically normal" men, measuring penile dimensions before and after drug-induced erections. After finding average sizes, they concluded: "Only men with a flaccid length of less than 4 centimeters [1.6 inches], or a stretched or erect length of less than 7.5 centimeters [3 inches] should be considered candidates for penile lengthening." What is 'normal' or average penis size? In the Journal of Urology study, researchers found the following among the group of 80 men: An average penis size of 8.8 cm (3.5 inches) when flaccid An average penis size of 12.9 cm (5.1 inches) when erect Man in underwear holding tape measure Many studies have investigated average penis size. The study also found that the size of a man's erect penis was not correlated with the size of his flaccid penis. This means that men whose penises are different lengths when flaccid may have similarly sized erect penises. There was also no relationship between the men's ages and their penis sizes. The finding on how much the penis length can 'grow' — on whether you are a 'shower' or a 'grower' — was further supported by a study of 200 Turkish men, in which "flaccid length had little importance in determining erect penile length." The research to determine average penis size includes a study published in January 2014 that examined over 1,600 American men, although it did not take independent physical measurements. Instead, the study relied on the men's own measurements of penis size. The reports may be considered fairly reliable, however, since the men were to be given condoms to match their self-reported measurements, meaning that any inaccuracy would have resulted in ill-fitting prophylactics. This study found the average penis size to be as follows: Average size for an erect penis is 14.2 cm (5.6 inches) Average circumference of an erect penis is 12.2 cm (4.8 inches). The researchers said the self-reported erect penile dimensions were consistent with findings from other studies. Their study added the finding that the precise dimensions of an erection can be influenced by the mode of getting aroused, such as whether a man uses hand stimulation. To measure penis length, press a ruler into the groin and measure from the base of the penis to the tip. To measure penis girth, wrap a measuring tape around the widest part of the penis. The average penis size in inches Several different studies have suggested an average penis size of between 5.1 and 5.6 inches. Penis size - women seem to care less about it than men Male concern about whether penile size lives up to the desires of females seems to be largely misplaced. And unfounded worries about inadequacy are not helped by the fact that a man's own view of his penis automatically makes it look smaller to him than to someone else. Looking down at the penis from above makes it appear smaller, compared with how it looks straight on, or from the side. Seeing one's own penis from this perspective and perhaps comparing it with other men's appendages from a different perspective, may, therefore, reinforce false ideas of penis size. But do women have a more reliable perception? One study, published in the British Journal of Urology International, suggested that while the majority of women, some 85 percent, were satisfied with the size and proportion of their partner's penis, men were less sure of themselves. Almost half of men in the study (45 percent) believed they had a small penis, yet the researchers reported that small penis size was actually rare. Some 170 women answered questionnaires in another study, which found that while they attached some importance to penis size, it was only of "substantial" importance to a "clear minority" of the women. While most of men's worries about penis size centre on the length, women are more interested in width, according to one study. The study of 50 sexually active undergraduate women reported that for a large majority — 9 out of 10 of the women — penis width was more important to sexual satisfaction than penis length. Women don't want men with big penises A study published in the open-access journal PLOS ONE in November 2015 took the novel approach of asking women to show their penis size preferences with the use of 3D printed models of 33 different dimensions. [3D-printed penis sizes] The women were asked to choose between 33 differently sized 3D-printed 'penises' - including the examples shown. The largest in the set was A, while D was the smallest; they were blue for racial neutrality. Image: Nicole Prause et al. The sizes had been printed across a range from 4 inches to 8.5 inches in length, and from 2.5 inches to 7.0 inches in circumference, based on previous studies giving an average American penis size when erect of 6 inches (15.2 cm) long with a girth of 5 inches (12.7 cm). The 3D-printed shafts were in blue plastic so as not to suggest any particular race that might prejudice the women's ideas of average size. The 75 women indicating size preferences from the 33 blue models chose slightly differently depending on the kind of relationship they were thinking about (and in any case showed they desired a size that turned out to be only slightly above the averages found across studies): For long-term sexual partners, they went for a penis of slightly shorter circumference and length compared with their choices for one-night stands, choosing an average length of 6.3 inches and a girth of 4.8 inches. This compared with their preference for one-time sex partners being for a length of 6.4 inches and a circumference of 5.0 inches. More penis measurements A number of different studies have sought to determine an average penis size. One published in 2001 took measurements of 3,300 young Italian men aged between 17 and 19 years. It found the median average length of flaccid penises was 9 centimeters (3.5 inches), and the flaccid circumference (at the middle of the shaft) was 10 centimeters (3.9 inches). Another study examined a different population, of 301 physically normal Indian men, and sought to compare its results with size findings in other countries. The results, the authors of the 2007 study said, "will help in counseling the patients worried about the penile size and seeking penis enlargement surgery." Flaccid: mean average length was 8.2 centimeters (3.2 inches) and circumference (of stretched flaccid penis) was 9.1 centimeters (3.6 inches). Erect: mean average length was 13.0 centimeters (5.1 inches) and circumference was 11.5 centimeters (4.5 inches). The findings, published in Nature, included a table that listed previous findings on penis dimensions around the world. Click here to see the table. Tape measure Research studies have measured penis sizes and found an average - the typical erect penis would fit well within the range shown on this ruler. Of the 16 studies they cited, from various countries, the earliest was carried out over a hundred years ago and published in 1899. They all arrived at similar average penis lengths: Flaccid lengths ranged around 7 to 10 centimeters (2.8 to 3.9 inches). Flaccid circumferences ranged around 9 to 10 centimeters (3.5 to 3.9 inches). Erect lengths ranged around 12 to 16 centimeters (4.7 to 6.3 inches). Erect circumference (only one previous study) was around 12 centimeters (4.7 inches). Heightened concerns, 'misguided' desires for enlargement The authors of the study from India wrote that the definition of normal penile size was of "considerable interest" as there was a "steady increase in the number of people complaining of 'short penis' and seeking penile enlargement procedures." Other research has suggested that most men who seek surgery to lengthen their penis have an overestimated view of what a normal penis size is. In the study of 67 men complaining of a short penis, none was, in fact, found to be severely short. The authors said there was an increasing number of men seeking surgery to lengthen their penis. Only a small effect of obesity and age on erect penis size In 2015, researchers in Saudi Arabia published the results of a retrospective cohort study of 778 men with an average age of 43.7 (ranging from 20 to 82 years) who attended urological outpatient clinics in Saudi Arabia. Men were excluded from the study if they were under 18 years old, presented with a complaint of small or short penis, Peyronie's disease, congenital curvature, clinical hypogonadism, previous penile surgery or trauma, or a combination of any of these. After medically inducing an erection the researchers took measurements and established an average: Penis length of 12.53 centimeters (4.9 inches) from the skin over the pubic bone to the penile tip Penis length of 14.34 centimeters (5.6 inches) from the pubic bone to the penile tip Penis circumference of 11.50 centimeters (4.5 inches). The researchers also measured the men's body-mass index (BMI), which increases with obesity. There was a weak correlation between greater BMI and shorter erect penile length when this was measured from the skin over the pubic area, but not when the measurement was made from the bone to the tip. This suggests that the penis would appear to be shorter when there is more fat under the skin at the visible base of the penis. This study also showed a weak correlation with increasing age for erect penis dimensions. However, the authors noted that slight decreases in size may be of limited concern to "aging men" - they found "the difference between men of 70 and 20 was less than a centimeter." Research findings on penis size from MNT news Does size matter? Link found between finger, penis size A new finding shows evidence of a link between the relative length of a man's index and ring fingers and a way to predict the length of his penis.Want a longer penis? Traction beats surgery, say researchers Men who want surgery to increase the length of their penis should try non-invasive methods like penile traction devices or extenders first, and in some cases, even try therapy to make them feel more confident about their bodies, said Italian urologists in a paper published in the April issue of the British Journal of Urology International.Researchers reveal the average penis length with new study A lot of men worry about their penis size. But researchers hope the results of a new study, which reveals the average penis length, will reassure many men that they are 'normal.' RELATED COVERAGE How to get rid of an unwanted erection Having several erections a day is healthy for many men, but there are some situations in which a man may not wish to be erect. Learn more. READ NOW How do you clean out smegma? In this article, we examine smegma and the best ways for both males and females to remove it. We also take a look at some genital hygiene tips. READ NOW Should I worry about pearly penile papules? Pearly penile papules are harmless white spots that appear on the penis. They do not need treatment, but cryosurgery, radiosurgery and laser therapy are generally safe options for removing them. Over-the-counter creams are not recommended. Learn more about the symptoms and how to remove pearly penile papules. READ NOW What you should know about retrograde ejaculation A look at retrograde ejaculation, which is when semen travels into the bladder. Included is detail on when to see a doctor and preventing the condition. READ NOW What is Peyronie's disease? Peyronie's Disease, also known as curvature of the penis, induratio penis plastica, and CITA, is a condition where the penis, when erect, bends abnormally. READ NOW email share MEN'S HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY / PSYCHIATRY SEXUAL HEALTH / STDS Additional information Article last updated by Yvette Brazier on Mon 9 July 2018. Visit our Men's Health category page for the latest news on this subject, or sign up to our newsletter to receive the latest updates on Men's Health. All references are available in the References tab. References Citations Recommended Related News Men Worry More About Penile Size Than Women, Says 60-year-old Research Review Blackwell Publishing Ltd., ScienceDaily Penile Extender Increased Flaccid Length By Almost A Third, Clinical Study Reports Wiley - Blackwell, ScienceDaily Noninvasive extenders are better than surgery for men who want a longer penis, study finds Wiley-Blackwell, ScienceDaily Some men complaint of shortened penis following prostate cancer treatment Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, ScienceDaily FDA grants regular approval to venetoclax for CLL/SLL Christopher Palmer, AVAHO Use of Glycopyrrolate to Treat Intraoperative Penile Erection: Case Report and Review of the Literature Marc A. Valley et al., Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine Sanofi Aventis fast facts-obesity, diabetes and heart disease Nutrition & Food Science Genetic variation in the TAS2R38 bitter taste receptor and overweight among adults in Southwest Finland Ulla Hoppu, Nutrition & Food Science Powered by Latest news Simple drug formula regenerates brain cells Simple drug formula regenerates brain cells Breast cancer screening saved over 27,000 lives in 2018 Breast cancer screening saved over 27,000 lives in 2018 Alcohol use disorder: A step toward better treatment? Alcohol use disorder: A step toward better treatment? What role does the gut play in Parkinson's disease? What role does the gut play in Parkinson's disease? Weight loss: How important is eating breakfast? Weight loss: How important is eating breakfast? POPULAR IN: Men's Health Why are there white bumps on my penis? What can cause a testicle lump? What to do about a smelly penis Why has my penis gone numb? What do white spots on testicles mean?

The Challenges of Education in Tanzania

The educational environment in Tanzania is a topic that greatly interests me. The organization that I work with in Tanzania has been educating children for over 11 years. They give nearly 600 of the poorest of the area a chance at private education. The time I have been in Tanzania has given me a birds-eye view of many characteristics of the Tanzanian culture, including the education sector. The vast majority of Tanzanians are on the bottom rung of education. This essay will explain the main reason why I am so passionate about this topic. It will also go into details about the educational environment in Tanzania and reasons why Tanzania’s Education statistics are so low. Then I will shed a beacon of hope on the topic to end this essay. The Reason behind the Passion The main reason I became so passionate about the education of Tanzanian youth, started about 5 years ago. I was doing interviews for an organization that gives scholarships to private school education, to bright orphans unable to meet the financial obligations to seek private school education. I was asked to sit on their board for several years. I was searching out and interviewing orphans who were preparing to enter into their secondary education. News had spread that I was giving out scholarships, so there was a flood of children coming to me for help. I found that many of the children were very bright children, who did not qualify for a scholarship, because they were not orphans. These young people were from the poorest of the area. Their families struggled to afford the basic school fees in the government schools. My heart was breaking for them. The breaking point came, when I had to explain to yet another very bright teenager that she didn’t qualify. She was getting ready to enter into form 1. She had very limited English, and Tanzanian secondary schools teach all classes in English. I have seen way too many children fail their first year of secondary school, because they lacked Basic English skills. These children are forced into a world where the only jobs they qualify for pay the lowest possible wages. The Statistics of the Educational Environment in Tanzania Why are the government schools of Tanzania so challenged to meet the fundamental right of these children for a good education? The statistics of children who actually complete their education is very sad. The following excerpt comes from Human Rights Watch: “Tanzanian law and international treaties that Tanzania has ratified, everyone under 18 has a right to education. Yet hundreds of thousands of children in Tanzania are pushed out of school each year long before they reach 18 because they fail the Primary School Leaving Exam. Passing the exam is required for access to public secondary education. But more than 400,000 children, 49.4 percent, failed the exam in 2013. The year before, a staggering 69.3 percent failed. Girls are disproportionately affected, with lower percentages passing the exam. (Kippenberg, 2014) The actual percentage of the children that actually make it through secondary education is even more deplorable. “The net enrollment rate for lower secondary education is 30.8 percent, and for upper secondary education only 1.9 percent.” (USAid.gov, 2014) The Contributing Factors There must be reasons for the dismal education record of Tanzania. I started doing research to get some insight that will hopefully shed some light on why Tanzania continues to lag behind in the Educational sectors, even with so many organizations pouring money into helping. My personal experience and research have shown that there are many factors contributing to the low educational advancements in Tanzania. Contributing factors to low educational development and output: Tanzania is pro-poor focused Lack of qualified teachers Lack of textbooks in classrooms Overcrowded classrooms The Pro-Focused Education in Tanzania To start this journey, let’s start with the early foundations of the independence of Tanzania as a nation. I found the following report very powerful as to what may be one of the keys to the foundational problem of this issue. The intention of the first president of Tanzania, The Honorable Late Julius Nyerere, was pro-poor focused. This is from a report, Education and Poverty Reduction in Tanzania: “The education system in Tanzania was based on the philosophy of Nyerere’s Education for Self Reliance (Nyerere 1967). This has a strong pro-poor focus, urging for primary education to be terminal for the majority. The curriculum was intended to equip them with the skills needed for self reliant, rural livelihoods rather than for further academic education. Post-primary education was to be limited in quantity to produce enough graduates to supply the predicted manpower requirements and no more. In the late 70s great efforts were made to achieve UPE and by 1980 the GER had reached 98%”. (Wedgwood, 2013) Lack of Qualified Teachers The second issue that brought the education of Tanzanian’s into a nearly insurmountable mountain has to do with qualified teachers. The results of the pro-focused foundation led to the lack of qualified teachers on all levels. Here is the evidence: “Many Tanzanian writers (e.g Leshabari and Masesa 2000; Rajabu 2000) identify the push for UPE as the major cause of the deterioration in quality at all levels of education in Tanzania. ‘UPE’, pronounced ‘oopay’, has become a colloquial term associated with low quality education rather than with universalisation. Some jest that the letters UPE stand for Ualimu Pasipo Elimu (teaching without education). Expansion of primary without expansion of secondary led to reduced transition rates, which was perceived by parents as reduced quality of primary. The expansion of primary also caused a high demand for teachers, to the extent that there were not enough secondary graduates to supply the demand, and primary teachers were drawn from populations who had not attended secondary school.” (Wedgwood, 2013) I mentor a group of teenagers who had no English, Math, or Science teacher for their entire year last year. The resources of qualified teachers go to the levels that have exit tests: Standard 5, 7, Form 2, and Form 4. These classes typically are given the greatest resources. That means that the other classes are forces to have unqualified teachers. Lack of Textbooks in the Classrooms The third problem is the lack of textbooks in the classrooms. The young people I mentor have given me great insight into the actual measure of desperation that they possess to complete and succeed. The classes have no textbooks. They are required to take extensive notes that become their textbooks. They want to succeed, but in the end, it will take a change of the foundation of the Education system of Tanzania to really make lasting change. Academia.Edu did an in-depth project that included asking teachers what they thought the greatest challenges in relation to classrooms. “In response to the question, ‘what challenges do you face while teaching your subject?’ Two outstanding challenges were cited by most respondents: overcrowded classrooms and lack of relevant textbooks. Other challenges were lack of skills to handle certain topics in the revised primary school curricula, handling of pupils with special needs and shortage of desks.” (Nkumbi, 2008) The Overcrowding of Classrooms The last factor I will cover is the overcrowding of classrooms. This connects with the lack of teachers. The teenagers that I mentor have all confirmed the overcrowded classroom situations in their government school. They say that there is one teacher per 200 pupils, due to the lack of teachers in their school. These young people continue to impress me. The challenges do not make them quit, but rather make them press even harder. The Beacon of Hope The report may seem pretty dark, but pockets of light exist. There are organizations that have seen the need for stronger standards of education that not only give the affluent a chance, but all. I believe that I can make a small difference, by mentoring a group of teenagers that are in the government school system. I have seen a difference in their English skills and study habits. They feel hope, simply because I care. I think that if enough have this attitude, we can at least give a chance to enough young people that they can get an education that will propel them into success. Conclusion This essay explored many aspects of the educational environment in Tanzania. I shared why I am so passionate about the topic. I shared the statistics of the environment. Four of the contributing factors to this environment were explored. Lastly, I shared a small beacon of hope to this topic. Young people are the future of the world and education gives them a great foundation to be productive citizens of the society they live in. My hopes are that I have left you with some useful information to think about. References: Kippenberg, J. (2014, May 13). Tanzania: Let's Tackle The Primary Leaving Exam. Retrieved from Human Rights Watch: http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/05/13/tanzania-let-s-tackle-primary-school-leaving-exam Nkumbi, W. L. (2008). Teacher Professional Development in Tanzania:Perceptions and Practices. Retrieved from Academia.Edu/ : http://www.academia.edu/4555993/Teacher_Professional_Development_in_Tanzania_Perceptions_and_Practices USAid.gov. (2014, 02 11). Education. Retrieved from USAid.gov: http://www.usaid.gov/tanzania/education Wedgwood, R. (2013, 06). Education and Poverty Reduction. Retrieved from HakiElimu Working Papers: http://tdsnfp.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Education-and-Poverty-Reduction-in-Tanzania.pdf

Tips on hacking Whatsapp


Tips on hacking Whatsapp on any phone to read messages Tips on hacking Whatsapp on any phone to read messages April 2, 2018 by Angelica 1 Comment Today, it’s impossible to imagine any person without smartphone with the Internet connection. People use various social media websites and software like Whatsapp to share videos, messages, and images. Needless to say that people worry about their security online. You know that any account is protected with a password, but a hacker can get access to it easily. hacher Probably you think that it’s difficult to hack someone’s Whatsapp account? We assure you that it is possible even for beginner users using apps such as FlexiSpy, mSpy, Dr.Fone, etc. Read our article, and you will be able to hack Whatsapp account on any phone number easily! Follow our simple tips, we will provide you with several methods of hacking Whatsapp to read private messages and view photos! How to hack Whatsapp chat history? If you are interested how to hack Whatsapp to get chat history from someone’s device, we recommend using mSpy. This is spy app you need to install on phone of your victim. No matter you want to spy on your spouse that might cheating on you or control to whom your kids are chatting lately. Many people already use this app with many additional features to spy on Whatsapp. Here are main steps you should do to hack someone’s account. You have to start with downloading mSpy app on your phone or computer. Install this application on a target device, be careful so the person you want to spy on couldn’t suspect anything. Log in to control panel on your computer. That’s all, just three simple steps, and you can get full access to target phone! When you finished this simple process, it is possible to read Whatsapp messages without them knowing. We assure you that victim will suspect nothing. Various antivirus software cannot detect it. hack-whatsapp This is a safe way to hack Whatsapp and get access to history chat, even to deleted messages. But this is not the end! mSpy has many additional features, and apart from hacking Whatsapp, you will be able to: Read SMS messages and monitor incoming and outcoming calls on the phone; Track GPS location of the target device; Monitor Internet activities of your victim; Get full access to the target device and view information on the mobile phone, including Whatsapp. Good news is that you will get a free trial period. If you don’t want to use it, you can easily delete it from your computer, and no-one else knows you used it to spy on someone’s Whatsapp. How to hack Whatsapp on iOS phone with the backup extractor? There are several ways of hacking Whatsapp, and one of them is using Whatsapp backup extractor. This is an effective method for iOS devices; you just need to find reliable spy software to download. You will need just few time to read Whatsapp messages! Hack-Smartphone We suggest using Dr.Fone for hacking Whatsapp on the iPhone. Below, we will provide you with a process of spying on someone’s Whatsapp account: Download Dr.Fone and install it. Choose Repair option and select Whatsapp. Then click scan button and wait until the system will check files; this won’t take a lot of time. Choose those files you want to recover. And now, you need to click on recover button and get the needed files on your computer. Now you have full access to information from target Whatsapp account! How to hack Whatsapp without access to the device? It is possible to use the same tool for iCloud and iTunes backup extraction; here is how the entire process looks like: Download Dr.Fone, install it and click repair button. Select an iTunes backup to scan Whatsapp files. Now you should start scanning files; remember it may take some time for the system to check information. After scanning, you need to select needed documents. Press recover to save information on your computer; now you have access to restored files from Whatsapp including messages, videos, pictures and etc. The process is the same when you work with iCloud account. WhatsApp How to hack Whatsapp on Android phone with the backup extractor? The process is similar to hacking Whatsapp on iPhone: At the start, you need to connect Android phone to computer. Download and install Dr.Fone application, run it and select recover option. Now you need to choose needed Whatsapp messages and files you want to recover. Set process of scanning (you can scan for deleted files or for all files, and we recommend scanning all files). After scanning process stopped, choose all files you want to recover. How to hack Whatsapp by sending a random photo? Do you know that according to the latest news, it is possible to spy on Whatsapp with just sending a usual photo? A user needs to open picture or even video, and a hacker gets all the needed information from Whatsapp. How does this method work? A hacker sends to the victim a photo that has special code inside, so when the user opens it, the code infects target device. Then a hacker gets a full control over Whatsapp. Needless to say, if the hacked user will send this photo to someone else, the hacker can get access to that person’s Whatsapp too. It will be possible to read messages, view photos, check out a contact list, or delete any information on Whatsapp target account. We hope you found a lot of useful information in our article about hacking Whatsapp. Probably you will want to try all methods on your friends, kids, or spouse’s Whatsapp account, or to check out if your employers chat on Whatsapp with other people during work. We are not going to tell you that hacking someone’s Whatsapp is bad because in some cases you really need to do it. That’s why we were glad to help!

How to Bet on Football and Win

Betting on football can be an extremely frustrating, and costly, pastime with many people wondering how to bet on football and win. Whilst there are success stories of punters who won thousands from a 50p stake, most punters know the sinking feeling of a last-minute goal ruining their accumulator or the team at the bottom of the table picking up a surprise victory over the defending champions. Some people continue to place the same type of bet week after week, with the hope that one day their ship will come in. However, to win at football, punters must follow a few certain rules. Research Before Betting Rule number one of football betting is that the punter must gather as much information as possible before placing a bet. Study statistics, recent form, head to head information, and team news to give you as much of an advantage as you can have. Knowing all of this will help you take an analytical approach and work out which outcome is most likely. For example, the second-placed team in the league are playing a team in the relegation zone in midweek. The higher team would be priced as a heavy favourite but there may be factors to take note of before betting. Although most people would take the league positions as a good indicator of who will win, what if the second-placed team have an all-important match with the leaders at the weekend? There are chances they will rest players against the lesser team, to keep them fit for the bigger challenge. They may also take the midweek match lighter than usual thinking they already have the victory. But, taking a match lightly against a relegation threatened side who also need the points can be a dangerous tactic. Also, what if the so-called bigger team have failed to win in their last three matches against the team in the relegation zone? What if the last five head to head meetings have all been draws? What if the team in the relegation zone have hit a purple patch of form and won their last few games? These factors can play a huge part in determining the outcome of a match. The favourites may not look such a banker now, with the chance of a draw or even a surprise victory for the underdog being much higher. This is one of the many reasons why we provide team news to our members. Remain Analytical Betting on impulse, betting with your heart, letting your emotions take over, and betting solely based on the betting odds are all sure-fire ways of losing money. Impulse betting is where a punter places a bet on whichever matches are available, regardless of their knowledge of the teams involved. It’s something which many online punters will do, and their win percentages from this type of betting will probably be extremely low. Betting with your heart means backing your own team to win, or favourite player to score first, regardless of the opposition or form of the player. Whilst some punters may get lucky and win often if they support a big team, those who support a team struggling against relegation every year will lose more than they win. Letting your emotions take over is a big no-no when it comes to betting. This is usually described as chasing your losses, when you are angry and frustrated after a bet fails to win. You then place more money on another bet you believe to be a banker, to try and regain the money you lost before. This is a slippery slope and could quickly lead to a bank balance of zero. Betting based solely on the odds is another thing punters should never do. Whilst short odds favourites obviously have the best chance of being victorious, there may be mitigating factors which could weaken that chance. Remain analytical and do not bet on a match unless you have gathered as much information as possible. Profit is Profit no Matter How Small Some punters look for the big, life-changing, win every week. They place a few pounds on bets which could return thousands, with the chances of these bets coming in being small. Those few pounds every week may be small to start with, but done every week for several years will mount up to a lot of lost money. Punters should always be looking to make a profit, even if it’s only a few pounds. Would you rather place £10 on a single bet which returns a £12 profit, but has a 92% chance of winning, or place two £5 bets on sixteen-team accumulators which return £10,000 each, with a 1% chance of coming in? Some people will say the second, but sensible punters will know that £12 profit every time soon adds up. For more information on this you might like our post on focusing on losing less often. There’s a big chance you have sat in a pub, or café, and overheard a conversation about how close someone came to winning £26,000 on Saturday or how one team let them down for £500. You never hear the punters who were £5 up talking about their win, although they are the more successful punter. The best advice we can give when gambling is, your first thought should be how best you can avoid losing rather than how much you will win if your bet comes in. Look for a small profit, which will help to boost your betting bank and may ultimately lead to a big life-changing profit over time. Keep a Betting Record Keeping note of your wins and losses can help you see how much money you’re throwing away, and can help you change the way you gamble. In this record, write down the type of bet you placed, the stake, the potential return, and how much profit or loss you made from it. Also add any notes which will help you moving forward, such as which team(s) let you down. At the end of a set period, such as every week, fortnight, or month, you should tally up your results to give you an overall profit or loss. If you are suffering constant losses betting on accumulators with the promise of a big return, maybe change the way you bet for the next period. Consider backing less teams in an accumulator or placing single/doubles/trebles bets which return a small profit. You can then see if your overall profit has gone up. If you regularly see a + amount in the profit/loss section, it will be a big eye-opener that the way you were previously betting was wrong and you should stick to your new approach. Remember, You Will Not Win Every Time If there was a fool-proof way of winning on football every time, bookies would go out of business and football betting would cease to exist. However, there is no fool-proof way because football is unpredictable and shocks happen. The favourite doesn’t always win, everybody has off days, and punters will often be out of pocket. There are no 100% guarantees in football betting. In those times, you must remember to have fun, stay analytical, and follow our advice to give you the best chance of making a profit.

Consultancy for Rehabilitation of Mugeza Mseto Primary School (Tanzania Bukoba Earthquake Response ), Tanzania

Closing date: Saturday, 16 February 2019 Job no: 519779 Position type: Consultancy Location: Tanzania,Uni.Re Division/Equivalent: Nairobi Regn'l(ESARO) School/Unit: United Republic of Tanzania Department/Office: Dar Es Salaam, United Rep. of Tanzania Categories: Adolescent Development, Child Protection, Communication for Development (C4D), Education, Gender Equality, Health, Innovation, Programme Management, Chief Field Office, WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene), Early Childhood Development, Expanded Programme Immunization, Knowledge Management, Statistics and Monitoring, Consultancy, HIV/AIDS, Human Rights, Monitoring and Evaluation, Nutrition, Planning, Social and Economic Policy If you are a committed, creative professional and are passionate about making a lasting difference for children, the world's leading children's rights organization would like to hear from you. For 70 years, UNICEF has been working on the ground in 190 countries and territories to promote children's survival, protection and development. The world's largest provider of vaccines for developing countries, UNICEF supports child health and nutrition, good water and sanitation, quality basic education for all boys and girls, and the protection of children from violence, exploitation, and AIDS. UNICEF is funded entirely by the voluntary contributions of individuals, businesses, foundations and governments. Background Following the devastating earthquake which hit Kagera Region in Tanzania on 10th September 2016, with the most casualties occurring in Bukoba Municipality, leading to more than 840 houses being completely destroyed and more than 1270 seriously damaged, rendering thousands of people homeless and many students, including those of Mugeza Mseto primary school without classrooms, latrines, dormitories and teacher houses, UNICEF Tanzania at the request of honourable Minister of Education, Science and Technology Professor Joyce Ndalichako supported the rehabilitation of Mugeza Mseto Special Needs School. The rehabilitation involved the construction of three classrooms, four dormitory blocks each with the capacity of accommodating 48 students, one sickbay, two ablution blocks and an installation of water hygiene and sanitation facilities intending to cater for 613 day and 150 boarding students with multiple disabilities in which 51 are physically disabled; 45 blind, and 50 children with albinism, who were transferred to Mugeza from their places of domicile to rescue them against brutal killings, amputation and trafficking in body parts. Reports as recently as February 2018 reported on the success of the rehabilitation. The pupil teacher ratio was reduced from 1:58 to 1:45, the number of classrooms increased from 14 to 17 and the ratio of toilets for students with disabilities dropped from 1:36 to 1:5. The number of dormitories before the Bukoba earthquake was 2 (1:74). After the project, there are 6 dormitories (1:25). Yet, the two old dormitories that were there before seem to be highly dilapidated and recent reports indicate that the new dormitories are not in use due to safety and accessibility issues, especially lack of security fence. In order to make the dormitories fully secure and accessible to all students, there is a need for fencing and improved walkways at the school. UNICEF has received some cost estimates from Bukoba Municipal Council covering the costs of building a wall and constructing walkways for facilitating easy access for children with disabilities. To aid the planning for these improvements, UNICEF seeks the services of a construction technical expert to conduct a verification exercise of the initial costing exercise and provide a detailed costing information on the various options available for the requested improvements. Objective: Consultant will conduct a costing exercise for  the improvement works to be carried out at Mugeza Mseto Primary School, specifically related to construction of fencing /wall and building of walkways Purpose: The purpose of the consultancy is to ensure quality and value for money in the improvement of Mugeza Mseto Primary School The costing will allow for effective planning to improve safety and security at the school. Expected Results: Detailed costing available for fencing options including: whole school, dormitories only, permanent and temporary. Detailed costing available for paving of walkways to be accessible by all students, including students with physical disabilities. Description of the assignment An engineer will be contracted by UNICEF to carry out the costing of improvement works at Mugeza Mseto Primary School. The specific expected assignments for this project will include: Assist in scoping needs for fencing and walkway and provide options to improve on fence and walk away Assess the availability of various materials that can be used for the improvement and recommend the appropriate materials and their potential source of supply Prepare and submit proposed designs and Bill of Materials (BOQ) for each option suggested in (i) above The consultant engineer will also provide a detailed report on the findings of the costing exercise to UNICEF Deliverables: Costing of fencing options in the form of designs and BOQs for the school, giving options for temporary fencing, permanent fencing, fencing the entire school and fencing only the perimeter of dormitories. Costing of walkways paving options in the form of designs and BOQs within the school grounds to make them more accessible to children with disabilities Provide detailed budget report of costing for the options above and present the findings to UNICEF and present the findings at a meeting with the Regional and District Authorities at Bukoba Municipality and School Management Reporting requirements: The consultant will report to the Chief of Education Section- UNICEF Tanzania and will be required to submit the following to UNICEF 1. Detailed report on costing of the requested options for fencing and paving Qualifications requirements: Advanced degree in civil engineering, construction engineering, architecture or other relevant technical area; at least 10 years experience in construction contract management of reinforced concrete buildings; knowledge of materials, methods, and the appropriate tools to construct structures and buildings; knowledge of structural engineering in the design of reinforced concrete, steel, masonry, and timber as applied to construction of buildings and structures; proven ability to identify potential problems and recommend appropriate solutions manner; strong links in humanitarian community; excellent writing and presentation skills; ability to work productively in a multi-cultural environment; good health and willingness to travel and live in locations with difficult conditions. In addition, the incumbent should:

Education/Instant Network Schools Officer (INS Officer)

Application deadline 2019-02-21 Business / Employer name International Rescue Committee Tanzania Company Industry NGO Job Level Management level Work Type Full Time Minimum Qualification Bachelor Years of Experience 5 years Description The International Rescue Committee (IRC) is an International Non-Governmental Organization working in 40 countries, responding to the world’s worst humanitarian crises and helps people to survive and rebuild their lives. With funding from donor governments, institutions, companies and individual supporters we strive to support people meet their basic rights with dignity and to be protected. In Tanzania, the IRC supports refugees and Tanzanian people in- and – out of camps with education, health and protection services. We are currently recruiting a number of positions to meet above outcome. If you are Tanzanian and have excellent strategic vision, professional skills, an understanding and leadership experience in humanitarian or development work with a cutting edge outlook, willingness to take action to have a positive impact for the clients we serve, then please consider applying for the following position: Position: Education/Instant Network Schools Officer (INS Officer) Location: Kasulu - Nyarugusu refugee camp, Tanzania Reports to: Education Manager Number of Positions: One (1) Job Summary: Since 2013, Vodafone Foundation and UNHCR have worked together on the Instant Network Schools (INS) Programme. INS aims to improve access to quality education for displaced children in refugee camps, through the use of technology and connectivity, alongside teacher training and capacity building support. In each operation, the programme aims to establish Instant Network Classrooms in formal schools which are already operating in the refugee camps. Schools are selected by UNHCR along with the community and implementing partners, and cover primary, secondary and vocational training. From 2015, Community Learning Hubs are also being established to serve the wider community; and in Kenya World Reader Mobile is being leveraged to give community access to eBooks on their own phones. INS Officer is responsible for the day-to-day implementation and monitoring of the Instant Network Schools programme in Nyarugusu camp. Working closely with the Coaches who are hired by IRC to run the Instant Network Classrooms on a daily basis in each school and is responsible for the effective and efficient management and implementation of all activities within the Instant Network Programme in Nyarugusu. Responsibilities Lead implementation of UNHCR INS activities. Develop and supervise the quality implementation of INS and education activities in Nyarugusu refugee camp, ensuring adherence to donor requirements and regulations. Provide technical support and training to coaches and teachers using the Instant Classrooms Identify mobile technology based solution for specific education needs in the location Preparing reports of activities undertaken in the Instant Classrooms and story collection for blog publication Working closely with Education Managers, head-teachers and teachers to ensure that the program implementation aligns with programme guideline and procedures With the support from the Manager, help coaches in monitoring the programme, development and support in the effective use of online tools Provide on-the-job training to coaches and teachers and support data collection and research visits Provide technical support to existing connectivity centers and oversight of INS Reporting. Supervise, mobilize, and train incentive teachers, education volunteers and interns, work with education staff to review training needs, identify training content and ensure training occurs. Work closely with HR and the Education Protection Officer to ensure all teachers are trained on the Teacher Code of Conduct and violations are properly addressed. Ensure integration of programming through partnership with other IRC sectors, including Women’s Protection and Empowerment, Child Youth Protection and Development, and Health teams. Ensure education activities are well coordinated with those of other IRC sectors and NGOs present in the camps, including community mobilization, referral systems, and creating awareness in an integrated manner. Support education activities in the host community, including teacher training and monitoring of activities. Prepare INS activity reports, monthly, and donor reports based on the prescribed template. Notify the Education Manager of any problems, complaints, or useful information about all aspects of the education program. Work with the M&E Manager and officer to undertake assessments in coordination with partners, UNHCR, UNICEF, where appropriate. Work closely with the Education Protection Officer to ensure the safety and security of children and teachers in schools. Report any Child Protection or SGBV cases to the Education Protection Officer. Requirements University degree in ICT or ICT and Education from a recognised institution A background in education and knowledge of educational technology will be an advantage 5 years of proven experience with various distributed ICT Systems and Networks, preferably in a development setting Experience working in harsh environments with low bandwidth field technologies. Excellent team work and problem solving skills. Demonstrated experience and skills in facilitation and delivering trainings. Demonstrated experience conducting data collection for monitoring and reporting Solid writing skills and an understanding of project management cycle and programme management in complex emergencies Fluency in English. Knowledge of Swahili and French and will be an added asset Strong organizational, interpersonal, verbal and written communication skills with Strong computer literacy. Must be able to multi-task effectively and balance competing priorities, reporting lines and deadlines. Advanced interpersonal skills he/she must be able to relate well with others, dictate responsibilities, offer support and constructive feedback. Must have excellent problem-solving skills. INS Officer is responsible for the day-to-day implementation and monitoring of the Instant Network Schools programme in Nyarugusu camp